James Tobin (1918-2002)

Premiu Nobel  1981

Economist nordamerican, a obtinut Premiul Nobel in Economie in 1981 pentru analizele sale asupra pietelor financiare si relatiile sale cu deciziile de cheltuire, angajare, productie si preturi.

Nascut la Champaign, Illinois, obtine doctoratul la Harvard si preda cursuri la Harvard si Yale. Consilier al presedintelui Kennedy. A fost consilier si in Rezerva Federala. A fost director al Fundatiei Cowless.

Important postkeynesist, a avut polemici adanci cu Milton Friedman si monetaristii cei mai radicali ai Scolii de la Chicago. Tobin recomanda punerea in practica a politicilor orientate catre angajarea 100%, o mai mare concurenta, controale stricte ale tensiunilor monopoliste si puternica investitie in educatie, stiinta, tehnologie si infrastructura, dar keynesismul sau era mai subtil si complex decat popularizarile folosite. Tobin s-a centrat pe analiza compensatiilor primite de investitori cand cauta sa echilibreze riscul, beneficiile si lichiditatea.

In 1972 a propus ca Guvernele sa incaseze un comision asupra operatiilor de schimb valutar, ca mediu de desfatuire a speculatiei destabilizatoare. Vedea aceasta taxa ca o forma de ajutorare a cresterii comertului liber, garantizand tarilor ca pot sa-si deschida piete fara a se expune la miscari daunatoare de "bani calzi". Aceasta propunere este cea pe care au adoptat-o miscarile antiglobalizare cu numele de "taxa Tobin" transformand-o intr-un simbol al luptei catre comertul liber. Tobin a declarat: "Aplauzele cele mai sunatoare vin din partea gresita."

Lucrari ale lui James Tobin

Apasati aici pentru a vedea cartile lui James Tobin puse in vanzare

• "The Interest Elasticity of the Transactions Demand for Cash", 1956, RES.
• "Liquidity Preference as Behavior Towards Risk", 1958, RES.
• "Estimation of Relationships for Limited Dependent Variables", 1958, Econometrica
• "On the Predictive Value of Consumer Intentions and Attitudes", 1959, RES 
• "Money and Economic Growth", 1965, Econometrica.
• "A Monetary Interpretation of History", 1965, AER.
• "Neoclassical Growth en colaboración con Fixed Factor Proportions", in colaborare cu R.M. Solow, C.C. von Weizsacker si M. Yaari 1966, RES.
• "Life Cycle Saving and Balanced Growth", 1967, in Ten Economic Studies in the Tradition of Irving Fisher
• "Pitfalls in Financial Model Building" in colaborare cu W.C. Brainard, 1968, AER.
• "The Consumption Function", 1968, IESS
• "Notes on Optimal Monetary Growth", 1968, JPE
• "Raising the Incomes of the Poor" 1968, in Gordon, editor, Agenda for the Nation
• "Money and Permanent Income: Some Empirical Tests" in colaborare cu C. Swan, 1969, AER 
• "Deposit Interest Ceilings as a Monetary Control", 1970, JMCB.
• "Money and Income: Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc?", 1970, QJE.
• "Wealth, Liquidity and Consumption" in colaborare cu W. Dolde, 1971, in Consumer Spending and Monetary Policy
• "Friedman's Theoretical Framework", 1972, JPE.
• "Inflation and Unemployment", 1972, AER.
• "The Wage-Price Mechanism", 1973, in Weiner, editor, Econometrics of Price Determination.
• "Is Growth Obsolete?" in colaborare cu W.D. Nordhaus, 1973, in Moss, editor, Measurement of Economic and Social Performance
• "Monetary Policy: Recent Theory and Practice", 1998, ie Wagner, editor, Current Issues in Monetary Economics
• "Financial Globalization: Can National Currencies Survive?" 1999, Annual World Bank Conference of Development Economics